 .PT - Portugal
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Background: |
Following its heyday as a world
power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth
and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation
during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence in 1822 of Brazil as a
colony. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six
decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing
military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year,
Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is
a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.
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Location: |
Southwestern Europe, bordering
the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain |
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Geographic coordinates: |
39 30 N, 8 00 W |
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Map references: |
Europe |
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Area: |
total: 92,391 sq km
land: 91,951 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note:
includes Azores and Madeira Islands |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Indiana
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Land boundaries: |
total: 1,214 km
border countries: Spain 1,214 km |
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Coastline: |
1,793 km |
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Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation |
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Climate: |
maritime temperate; cool and
rainy in north, warmer and drier in south |
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Terrain: |
mountainous north of the Tagus
River, rolling plains in south |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Atlantic
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on
Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m |
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Natural resources: |
fish, forests (cork), iron ore,
copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum,
salt, arable land, hydropower |
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Land use: |
arable land: 17.29%
permanent crops: 7.84%
other: 74.87% (2005) |
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Irrigated land: |
6,320 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
Azores subject to severe
earthquakes |
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Environment - current issues: |
soil erosion; air pollution
caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in
coastal areas |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed,
but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification |
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Geography - note: |
Azores and Madeira Islands
occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of
Gibraltar |
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Population: |
10,605,870 (July 2006 est.)
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 16.5% (male
915,604/female 839,004)
15-64 years: 66.3% (male
3,484,545/female 3,544,674)
65 years and over: 17.2% (male
751,899/female 1,070,144) (2006 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 38.5 years
male: 36.4 years
female: 40.6 years (2006 est.)
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Population growth rate: |
0.36% (2006 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
10.72 births/1,000 population
(2006 est.) |
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Death rate: |
10.5 deaths/1,000 population
(2006 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
3.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2006 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.07
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7
male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2006
est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 4.98 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 5.45 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 77.7
years
male: 74.43 years
female: 81.2 years (2006
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
1.47 children born/woman (2006
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.4% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
22,000 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)
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Nationality: |
noun: Portuguese
(singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese |
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Ethnic groups: |
homogeneous Mediterranean
stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during
decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have
entered Portugal |
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Religions: |
Roman Catholic 94%, Protestant
(1995) |
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Languages: |
Portuguese (official),
Mirandese (official - but locally used) |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 93.3%
male: 95.5%
female: 91.3% (2003 est.)
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short
form: Portugal |
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Government type: |
parliamentary democracy |
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Capital: |
Lisbon |
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Administrative divisions: |
18 districts (distritos,
singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas,
singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga,
Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa,
Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila
Real, Viseu |
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Independence: |
1143 (Kingdom of Portugal
recognized); 5 October 1910 (independent republic proclaimed) |
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National holiday: |
Portugal Day (Day of Portugal),
10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered
national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died |
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Constitution: |
25 April 1976; revised many
times |
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Legal system: |
civil law system; the
Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations |
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Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Anibal CAVACO Silva (since 9 March 2006)
head of
government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES (since 12 March 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
note: there is also a
Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held 22 January 2006 (next to be held January 2011);
following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
president
election results: Anibal CAVACO Silva elected
president; percent of vote - Anibal CAVACO Silva 50.6%, Manuel ALEGRE
20.7%, Mario SOARES 14.3%, Jeronimo de SOUSA 8.5%, Franciso LOUCA 5.3%
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Legislative branch: |
unicameral Assembly of the
Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20
February 2005 (next to be held February 2009)
election results:
percent of vote by party - PS 45.1%, PSD 28.7%, CDU 7.6%, PP 7.3%, BE
6.4%; seats by party - PS 121, PSD 75, CDU 14, PP 12, BE 8 |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Supremo
Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da
Magistratura) |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Green Ecologist Party or PEV
[Heloisa APOLONIA]; Popular Party or PP [Jose Ribeiro e CASTRO];
Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Jeronimo de SOUSA]; Portuguese
Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Luis Marques MENDES]; The Left Bloc or BE
[Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU (includes
PEV and PCP) [Jeronimo de SOUSA] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
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International organization participation: |
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group,
BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG,
OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Pedro Manuel Dos Reis Alves CATARINO
chancery: 2012
Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1]
(202) 350-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
consulate(s)
general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), San Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode
Island) |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Alfred J. HOFFMAN Jr.
embassy: Avenida das Forcas
Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon
mailing address: Apartado 43033,
1601-301 Lisboa; PSC 83, APO AE 09726
telephone: [351] (21)
727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
consulate(s):
Ponta Delgada (Azores) |
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Flag description: |
two vertical bands of green
(hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat
of arms centered on the dividing line |
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Economy - overview: |
Portugal has become a
diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the
European Community in 1986. Over the past decade, successive governments
have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of
the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The
country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began
circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member
economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the
past decade, but fell back in 2001-05. GDP per capita stands at two-thirds
that of the Big Four EU economies. A poor educational system, in
particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth.
Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producers in
Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign direct investment. The
government faces tough choices in its attempts to boost Portugal's
economic competitiveness while keeping the budget deficit within the
eurozone's 3%-of-GDP ceiling. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$196.3 billion (2005 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate): |
$169 billion (2005 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate: |
0.8% (2005 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$18,600 (2005 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 5.2%
industry: 28.9%
services: 65.9% (2005 est.) |
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Labor force: |
5.52 million (2005 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 10%, industry 30%,
services 60% (1999 est.) |
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Unemployment rate: |
7.3% (2005 est.) |
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Population below poverty line: |
NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
38.5 (1997) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
2.4% (2005 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
21.7% of GDP (2005 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $78.84 billion
expenditures: $90.27 billion; including capital expenditures of
$NA (2005 est.) |
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Public debt: |
69.4% of GDP (2005 est.) |
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Agriculture - products: |
grain, potatoes, tomatoes,
olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, swine, poultry, dairy products; fish
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Industries: |
textiles and footwear; wood
pulp, paper, and cork; metals and metalworking; oil refining; chemicals;
fish canning; rubber and plastic products; ceramics; electronics and
communications equipment; rail transportation equipment; aerospace
equipment; ship construction and refurbishment; wine; tourism |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
-0.1% (2005 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
44.32 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 64.5%
hydro: 31.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 4.1%
(2001) |
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Electricity - consumption: |
44.01 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - exports: |
3.1 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - imports: |
5.9 billion kWh (2003) |
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Oil - production: |
3,745 bbl/day (2003 est.)
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Oil - consumption: |
326,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)
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Oil - exports: |
28,830 bbl/day (2001) |
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Oil - imports: |
357,300 bbl/day (2001) |
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Natural gas - production: |
0 cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption: |
2.983 billion cu m (2003 est.)
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
2.553 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Current account balance: |
$-15 billion (2005 est.) |
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Exports: |
$38.8 billion f.o.b. (2005
est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
clothing and footwear,
machinery, chemicals, cork and paper products, hides |
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Exports - partners: |
Spain 24.9%, France 14%,
Germany 13.4%, UK 9.6%, US 6%, Italy 4.3%, Netherlands 4% (2004) |
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Imports: |
$60.35 billion f.o.b. (2005
est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
machinery and transport
equipment, chemicals, petroleum, textiles, agricultural products |
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Imports - partners: |
Spain 29.3%, Germany 14.3%,
France 9.3%, Italy 6.1%, UK 4.6%, Netherlands 4.6% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$11 billion (2005 est.) |
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Debt - external: |
$298.7 billion (30 June 2005
est.) |
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Economic aid - donor: |
ODA, $271 million (1995) |
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Currency (code): |
euro (EUR)
note: on
1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a
common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries;
on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday
transactions within the member countries |
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Currency code: |
EUR |
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Exchange rates: |
euros per US dollar - 0.8041
(2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001) |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
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Telephones - main lines in use: |
4,238,300 (2004) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
10,362,100 (2004) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
Portugal's telephone system has achieved a state-of-the-art network with
broadband, high-speed capabilities and a main line telephone density of
53%
domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire,
microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international: country code - 351; 6 submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth
station for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 47, FM 172 (many are
repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998) |
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Radios: |
3.02 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
62 (plus 166 repeaters)
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands (1995) |
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Televisions: |
3.31 million (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.pt |
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Internet hosts: |
845,980 (2005) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
16 (2000) |
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Internet users: |
6.09 million (2005)
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Airports: |
66 (2005) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 42
over
3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m:
4
914 to 1,523 m: 14
under 914 m: 10 (2005) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 24
914 to
1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 23 (2005) |
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Pipelines: |
gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined
products 174 km (2004) |
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Railways: |
total: 2,850 km
broad gauge: 2,576 km 1.668-m gauge (623 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 274 km 1.000-m gauge (2004) |
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Roadways: |
total: 72,600 km
paved: 62,436 km (including 1,700 km of expressways)
unpaved: 10,164 km (2002) |
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Waterways: |
210 km (on Douro River from
Porto) (2003) |
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Merchant marine: |
total: 113 ships (1000
GRT or over) 1,121,828 GRT/1,475,213 DWT
by type: bulk carrier
14, cargo 28, chemical tanker 15, container 7, liquefied gas 11, passenger
9, passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle
carrier 9
foreign-owned: 87 (Australia 1, Belgium 7, Denmark 7,
Germany 17, Greece 4, Italy 10, Japan 9, Lebanon 1, Malta 1, Mexico 1,
Netherlands 1, Norway 8, Spain 17, Switzerland 3)
registered in
other countries: 19 (Cyprus 1, Malta 4, Marshall Islands 2, Panama 12)
(2005) |
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Ports and terminals: |
Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines
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Military branches: |
Army, Navy (Marinha Portuguesa;
includes Marine Corps), Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP), National
Republican Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana) (2005) |
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Military service age and obligation: |
18 years of age for voluntary
military service; compulsory military service was ended in 2004; women
serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1993, but are prohibited
from serving in some combatant specialties (2005) |
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Manpower available for military service: |
males age 18-49:
2,435,042 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 18-49:
1,952,819 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males: 67,189 (2005
est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$3,497.8 million (2003) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
2.3% (2003) |
| Transnational Issues |
Portugal |
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Disputes - international: |
Portugal does not recognize
Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference
of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of
Badajoz |
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Illicit drugs: |
gateway country for Latin
American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market
(especially from Brazil); transshipment point for hashish from North
Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin |
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